首頁 資訊 農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的國內(nèi)外研究熱點和發(fā)展趨勢分析

農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的國內(nèi)外研究熱點和發(fā)展趨勢分析

來源:泰然健康網(wǎng) 時間:2026年04月06日 15:06

0 引言

隨著全球經(jīng)濟和世界人口的快速增長,依賴于傳統(tǒng)的煤炭、天然氣和原油等不可再生化石能源將無法滿足未來人們對能源的需求,同時,化石燃料的利用釋放了大量的有毒、有害物質(zhì),導(dǎo)致了全球變暖和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的失衡,對人類健康和可持續(xù)發(fā)展構(gòu)成了前所未有的威脅[1?-3]。為了應(yīng)對能源危機和氣候變化等問題,迫切需要尋找效益高、綠色和可持續(xù)的能源替代品。廢棄的生物質(zhì)由于其來源廣泛且對環(huán)境影響較小,在提供全球能源和其他可再生資源方面具有巨大潛力[4-5]。研究表明,生物質(zhì)是可再生能源的主要貢獻者,全球每年增長的生物質(zhì)儲量約為全球總能源需求的8~10倍[6??-9]?;谏镔|(zhì)的廣泛可用性和可再生性,其在支持經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展、提供生態(tài)友好型環(huán)境方面受到全球范圍的廣泛關(guān)注。

農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物是主要的生物質(zhì)資源,人類生產(chǎn)和生活中產(chǎn)生的廢棄物直接或間接來自于農(nóng)業(yè),常見的農(nóng)業(yè)生物質(zhì)廢棄物是指在整個農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中被丟棄的有機類物質(zhì),主要包括農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的植物類廢棄物(如農(nóng)作物秸稈、林木修剪殘余、尾菜等);牧漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的動物類廢棄物(如畜禽糞便、病死畜禽遺體等);加工過程中產(chǎn)生的加工殘余物(如藥渣、酒糟、果渣、脫油的種子餅、茶葉渣等)和農(nóng)村生活垃圾(如餐廚類、纖維紡織類垃圾等)[10?-12]。農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物中含有豐富的纖維素(含量占25%~50%)、半纖維素(20%~30%)、木質(zhì)素(10%~15%)以及其它增值成分(如蛋白質(zhì)和有機酸等)[13-14],其中,木質(zhì)纖維素是農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的主要成分,約占干物質(zhì)總量的80%~90%,也是組成植物中剛性結(jié)構(gòu)的重要部分[15]。木質(zhì)纖維素可用于不同類型的工業(yè),如造紙、生物煉制或生物質(zhì)燃料以及動物飼料或生物肥料等。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,中國每年農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物產(chǎn)出量超過40億t,已經(jīng)成為世界上農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物產(chǎn)出量最大的國家[16-17]。然而,中國每年產(chǎn)生的廢棄物僅有一小部分被循環(huán)利用(利用率不足30%),大量廢棄物被隨意丟棄或排放到環(huán)境中,對城鄉(xiāng)生態(tài)環(huán)境造成巨大影響[18-19]。農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用不僅將廢棄的生物質(zhì)“變廢為寶”[20],還可以防止農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的有害影響,改善人居生活環(huán)境,是實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有效途徑[21?-23]。

目前,實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用已經(jīng)成為許多國家低碳發(fā)展與可再生能源開發(fā)的戰(zhàn)略重點,并有望成為極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ膽?zhàn)略性行業(yè)[24]。根據(jù)國內(nèi)最新發(fā)布的《農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村減排固碳實施方案》、《中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》等有關(guān)文件,已將農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用作為深入推進農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革和全面實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的重點工作[25]。文獻計量法是數(shù)字化時代催生出的一種對已公開發(fā)表的文獻進行數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計學(xué)等學(xué)科分析的計量方法,能夠評價和預(yù)測某領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀及其發(fā)展趨勢[26]。因此,為了充分了解國內(nèi)外對農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的最新研究進展及發(fā)展趨勢,本研究利用知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析軟件CiteSpace[27-28]和VOSviewer[29]對Web of Science (WOS)核心合集數(shù)據(jù)庫和中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)全文數(shù)據(jù)庫進行檢索,以已發(fā)表的有關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的文章為研究對象,對該領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)外發(fā)表的中英文文獻、關(guān)鍵詞、年度發(fā)文量的變化趨勢等進行計量學(xué)統(tǒng)計和深入分析,明確農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的研究熱點和發(fā)展趨勢,以期為中國農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展提供借鑒。

1 材料與方法

1.1 數(shù)據(jù)來源

本研究所用中文文獻源自于中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)全文數(shù)據(jù)庫。對主題詞=(“農(nóng)業(yè)”+“果園”+“茶”+“蔬菜”+“園林”+“畜禽糞便”+“廢棄物”+“資源化”)進行高級檢索,期刊來源類別分別設(shè)置為EI來源期刊和北大核心,核心期刊是目前國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界廣泛認同、影響力和權(quán)威性較高的一類期刊。英文文獻數(shù)據(jù)源自于美國科學(xué)信息研究所Web of science(WOS)數(shù)據(jù)庫中的Web of science核心合集,檢索式為:主題(Agricultural waste)or主題(Livestock manure waste)and主題(Resource utilization),時間跨度均設(shè)置為1990年1月1日—2022年12月31日,檢索日期為2023年1月5日。通過對檢索結(jié)果去重、整理、刪除不相關(guān)條目,最終獲得1663篇中文文獻和20905篇英文文獻。

1.2 分析方法

本研究主要采用CiteSpace和VOSviewer軟件對1990—2022年國內(nèi)外發(fā)表的有關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的年度發(fā)文量、作者群體、國家、關(guān)鍵詞等進行可視化知識圖譜分析,以明確該領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)外近30年來的研究現(xiàn)狀以及未來的發(fā)展趨勢。

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 年度發(fā)文量分析

發(fā)文量是某領(lǐng)域的外在指示,從發(fā)文量的年度變化趨勢可整體觀察和把握該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展動態(tài),也可反映一個國家/地區(qū)的整體科研實力和國際影響力[30]。國內(nèi)外對農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的年度發(fā)文量如圖1所示,總體來看,國內(nèi)外對該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)文量均呈J型增長趨勢,并且英文的年均發(fā)文量(996篇)顯著高于中文年均發(fā)文量(54篇),其中英文發(fā)文總量是中文發(fā)文總量的12.6倍。對于國內(nèi)來說(圖1a),在1990—1999年間年發(fā)文量平均不足10篇,發(fā)文量較少,說明此時期國內(nèi)對農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用方面的研究剛起步。2000—2015年間年度發(fā)文量呈線性遞長,年均發(fā)文量約為60篇。2016年以后年均發(fā)文量為120篇(2019年除外,可能是受新冠肺炎疫情影響發(fā)文量為44篇),說明國內(nèi)對農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用方面的研究受到越來越多的重視。對于國外來說(圖1b),1990—2001年期間英文文獻幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)與農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用相關(guān)的文章,與國內(nèi)相比,國外對該領(lǐng)域的研究起步較晚。2002年的年度發(fā)文量為184篇,之后呈J型增長態(tài)勢,此時期國際上對該領(lǐng)域的研究熱度明顯高于國內(nèi),國內(nèi)外發(fā)文量差距在逐年擴大,說明2002年后該領(lǐng)域受到了全球范圍內(nèi)的廣泛關(guān)注,國際對該領(lǐng)域的研究熱度及重視程度遠高于國內(nèi)。

圖1 1990—2022年間中英文總發(fā)文量及趨勢

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某領(lǐng)域的SCI收錄的數(shù)量反映了一個國家(地區(qū))的整體科研實力和影響力。在英文文獻國家發(fā)文量中(圖2a),中國的發(fā)文量最高(為3948篇),占比率為25.7%,是排名第二(印度)的1.5倍,是排名第三(美國)和排名第四(西班牙)的1.7倍和2.9倍,可見中國在農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的研究處于領(lǐng)先地位,對全球農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的處置貢獻較大。在國家發(fā)文量可視化圖譜中(圖2b),中國在該領(lǐng)域的研究貢獻最大(圓點越大,貢獻率越大),且與美國、印度兩國的合作關(guān)系最為緊密(連線越粗,表示合作越密切),與西班牙、意大利、英國等國家的合作較為松散;對于發(fā)文總量排名第二的美國,除了與中國和印度密切合作之外,與西班牙、巴西、馬來西亞等國家合作也較為緊密。該結(jié)果說明中國與西方國家(如英國、西班牙、意大利和巴西等)的合作仍有待加強。

2.2 活躍作者群體分析

學(xué)術(shù)活躍作者是推動某個領(lǐng)域?qū)W科發(fā)展的重要力量。通過對上述篩選的中英文文獻作者統(tǒng)計分析,分別挖掘出205位和89位被引學(xué)者,摸清了該領(lǐng)域的被引學(xué)者及其合作關(guān)系。在中文文獻當(dāng)中(圖3),先后出現(xiàn)了沈其榮、李榮、常志州、黃紅英、黃啟為、徐陽春、李霞、王東升、楊林章和朱昌雄等高被引學(xué)者,并形成了以高被引學(xué)者為集群的合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。然而,合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)呈現(xiàn)較強的區(qū)域性合作,并且合作關(guān)系較為松散,有待進一步加強。在外文文獻中(圖4),出現(xiàn)了Hameed B H、Ok Y S、Zeng G M、Zhang W、Wang H、Liu Y、Li H、Pandey A和Lee S S等高被引作者,與中文合作關(guān)系相比,國外作者合作關(guān)系較為緊密,說明在該領(lǐng)域研究熱度較高。在中文文獻TOP10作者發(fā)文量當(dāng)中(圖5a),沈其榮發(fā)表的中文文獻量最多為48篇,張俊飚和李榮分別發(fā)表24篇和20篇,其他學(xué)者的發(fā)文量均在20篇以下;外文文獻TOP10作者當(dāng)中(圖5b),發(fā)文量最高的為Ok Y S和Zeng G M兩位學(xué)者,發(fā)文量依次為43篇和41篇,Senthil Kumar P、Hameed B H和Tsang D等發(fā)文量均在40篇以下,并且僅有一位中國學(xué)者在列,可見中國在農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的研究雖然年發(fā)文量較高,但影響力較低,亟需進一步加強。通過對中英文TOP10作者發(fā)文量分析得知,以沈其榮、Ok Y S為首的高被引學(xué)者發(fā)文量也相對較高,說明這些學(xué)者也是農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物,研究方向?qū)τ谕诰蛟擃I(lǐng)域的前沿動態(tài)及其發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀具有較高的參考價值。

圖3 農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用中文文獻被引學(xué)者及其合作關(guān)系

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圖4 農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用英文文獻被引學(xué)者及其合作關(guān)系

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2.3 研究熱點分析

關(guān)鍵詞是文獻的研究內(nèi)容與主題的高度概括,有助于讀者了解該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展歷程和規(guī)律[31]。通過對中文文獻1990—2022年間出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞頻次進行聚類分析,如圖6所示(圓點越大代表出現(xiàn)頻次越高),從出現(xiàn)的高頻關(guān)鍵中可以將其分為4類:(1)廢棄物的來源和類別(如農(nóng)作物秸稈、蔬菜廢棄物、生活垃圾、城市污泥、城市廢棄物、固體廢棄物、電子廢棄物、皮革廢棄物、垃圾分類等);(2)種植類廢棄物的利用(如秸稈還田、生物有機肥、耗氧發(fā)酵、飼料化、生物質(zhì)炭等);(3)畜禽糞便的處置及危害(如無害化處理、資源化利用、沼氣工程、農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染、環(huán)境治理等);(4)可持續(xù)的循環(huán)發(fā)展模式(如循環(huán)經(jīng)濟、循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)、低碳農(nóng)業(yè)、資源型農(nóng)業(yè)、減量化、再生利用、清潔生產(chǎn)等)。在英文核心關(guān)鍵詞圖譜中(圖7),大致可分為3個方向:(1)圍繞廢棄物對水體、植物的毒害作用展開(紅色圓點,如廢水、污染、污水污泥、農(nóng)業(yè)土壤、重金屬、植物、氮、磷等);(2)圍繞生物質(zhì)材料的吸附作用展開(藍色圓點,如生物吸附、活性炭、生物質(zhì)炭、農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物、動力學(xué)、平衡、等溫線等);(3)圍繞生物質(zhì)能源化利用展開(綠色圓點,如生物質(zhì)能源、甲烷、沼氣、生物乙醇、有機酸等)。通過比較中英文核心關(guān)鍵詞可視化圖譜可知,國內(nèi)外對于廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的研究熱點并不完全相同,國內(nèi)主要集中在養(yǎng)殖、種植及農(nóng)業(yè)加工過程中產(chǎn)生的廢棄物的循環(huán)利用上,具體利用方式更偏向于廢棄物資源化的循環(huán)利用;而國外的研究主要集中在廢棄物對水體、植物的不利影響以及廢棄物的材料化和能源化利用方面。

圖6 1990—2022年間CNKI數(shù)據(jù)集提取關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)建可視化圖譜

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圖7 1990—2022年間WOS數(shù)據(jù)集提取關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)建可視化圖譜

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2.4 關(guān)鍵詞時空突現(xiàn)分析

關(guān)鍵詞突現(xiàn)圖譜可定量表示不同研究熱點的熱度及變遷規(guī)律,關(guān)鍵詞突現(xiàn)強度越大說明該主題研究熱度越大。通過對1990—2022年間國內(nèi)外對于農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域關(guān)鍵詞進行時空突現(xiàn)分析,可準(zhǔn)確分析出該領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展態(tài)勢及演變規(guī)律。在中文文獻中(圖8-a),1999—2016年間突現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞有城市生活垃圾、可持續(xù)發(fā)展、循環(huán)經(jīng)濟、循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)、餐廚廢棄物、低碳農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物、產(chǎn)業(yè)化和建筑廢棄物等,這段時期更關(guān)注的是農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)發(fā)展模式及廢棄物來源等方向,對于農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用意識開始形成;在2017—2020年期間,出現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染、畜禽養(yǎng)殖、種養(yǎng)結(jié)合、處理與回用、秸稈、養(yǎng)殖廢棄物、有機肥和資源化利用等核心關(guān)鍵詞,研究熱點轉(zhuǎn)向農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用,重點關(guān)注的是利用秸稈、養(yǎng)殖廢棄物生產(chǎn)有機肥。外文文獻中(圖8-b),2002—2006年間出現(xiàn)了水質(zhì)、氮、磷、污泥、鎘和銅等核心關(guān)鍵詞,研究熱點主要集中在廢棄物對環(huán)境(尤其是水質(zhì))產(chǎn)生的不利影響;2008—2017年間出現(xiàn)了吸附、平衡和生物吸附等關(guān)鍵詞,研究更傾向于生物質(zhì)材料的吸附作用;2018年之后出現(xiàn)了生物質(zhì)炭、性能、能源等關(guān)鍵詞,研究熱點向生物質(zhì)的能源化方向過渡。比較中英文文獻關(guān)鍵詞突現(xiàn)強度發(fā)現(xiàn),國內(nèi)近30 a來研究更注重循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,國外更側(cè)重于將廢棄物作為生物質(zhì)吸附劑和能源化利用。

圖8 1990—2022年間農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域中英文核心關(guān)鍵詞時空突現(xiàn)分析

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2.5 展望

隨著國內(nèi)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物產(chǎn)量持續(xù)增加,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物處理需求持續(xù)增長,據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2020年國內(nèi)秸稈產(chǎn)生量為8.05億t,可收集資源量為6.74億t[32]。農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的無害化、減量化、資源化利用可減少對生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染,是實現(xiàn)綠色、循環(huán)、低碳、高效和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有效途徑。本研究通過對近30年來國內(nèi)外發(fā)表的與農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用相關(guān)的文獻數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)前國內(nèi)對農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用的研究熱點主要是將其直接還田、腐熟后作為有機肥施用到農(nóng)田中或?qū)⑵浼庸ず笥糜谛笄蒺B(yǎng)殖;國外的研究熱點集中在將廢棄物作為生物質(zhì)吸附劑和能源化利用(如生產(chǎn)甲烷、沼氣、生物乙醇、有機酸等)。

除了上述研究熱點外,近年來國內(nèi)外對農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的處置方式也得到了一些拓展(如圖9-a),受到關(guān)注的還有基質(zhì)化、材料化和能源化方向的利用機理[33??-36]。將農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物加工成基質(zhì)原料,用于栽培食用菌和花卉,或投喂高蛋白黑水虻、蠅蛆和蚯蚓等以及將其飼料化用于畜禽養(yǎng)殖所產(chǎn)生的蛆渣、蚓糞等,用于發(fā)展種養(yǎng)結(jié)合的綠色循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)[37]。目前中國在該領(lǐng)域的研究尚處于起步階段,未來應(yīng)在實踐的基礎(chǔ)上進行針對性的優(yōu)化和改進,也應(yīng)注重研究開發(fā)新的廢棄物資源化利用途徑,使其更加生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟、高效。同時,利用高纖維性廢棄物生產(chǎn)納米纖維素材料[38??-41]、紙板、餐盒、輕型建材板和新型保溫材料[42]等也受到了許多關(guān)注,雖然具有隔熱、隔溫、防水和降噪等優(yōu)點,但其生物可降解性、經(jīng)濟性以及是否會產(chǎn)生二次污染等還有待進一步研究。除此之外,隨著全球能源和不可再生資源的耗竭,將農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物作為其主要代替品成為全球共識,目前生物質(zhì)能源已逐漸成為替代煤、石油、天然氣的第四大能源庫[43],因此,在遵循綠色、循環(huán)、低碳、高效的理念下,深入挖掘農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的多元化處置方式,以便科學(xué)、合理地將生物質(zhì)資源轉(zhuǎn)化為生物乙醇、生物質(zhì)氫等具有更安全且可再生的清潔能源[44???-48],同時將產(chǎn)生的廢氣、廢熱、廢渣進行回收利用[49?-51],以降低生物質(zhì)的使用成本并減少CO2等溫室氣體排放,這些也是未來的重要研究方向。基于中國人多地少的基本國情以及優(yōu)質(zhì)資源儲量大幅降低的前提下,在確保14億人口口糧絕對安全下,應(yīng)該努力拓寬農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用方式,將農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物原材料進行分類處置,針對原材料屬性分別用于基質(zhì)化、飼料化、肥料化、材料化和能源化,同時將廢氣、廢熱、廢渣進行回收利用,以實現(xiàn)生物質(zhì)資源的無害化、減量化、多元化的多級利用(圖9-b)。

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3 結(jié)論

(1)國內(nèi)對該領(lǐng)域的研究起步早于國外近10 a,從2002年開始國際上對該領(lǐng)域的研究熱度和重視程度明顯高于國內(nèi),發(fā)文量均呈快速(J型)增長趨勢,國內(nèi)外發(fā)文量差距也在逐年擴大。

(2)國內(nèi)外對于農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化利用領(lǐng)域的研究熱點并不相同:國內(nèi)主要集中在養(yǎng)殖、種植及農(nóng)業(yè)加工過程中產(chǎn)生的廢棄物循環(huán)利用上,具體利用方式更偏向于廢棄物的資源化循環(huán)利用;而國外的研究主要集中在廢棄物對水體、植物的不利影響以及廢棄物的材料化和能源化利用方面。

(3)基于中國人多地少的基本國情,未來國內(nèi)應(yīng)該努力拓寬農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的處置方式,將農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物原材料進行分類處置,隨后用于基質(zhì)化、飼料化、肥料化、材料化和能源化,同時將廢氣、廢熱、廢渣進行回收利用,以實現(xiàn)生物質(zhì)資源的多元化利用。

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基金

國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金“磷酸鹽強化鐵氧化物-腐殖酸復(fù)合體調(diào)控水稻根系細胞壁固定鎘的分子機制”(42007103)

河南省科技攻關(guān)項目“鐵氧化物-腐殖酸復(fù)合體強化小麥根系細胞壁阻控鎘的機制及關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(222102110048)

河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)科技創(chuàng)新基金“基于LCD模型的磷酸鹽強化土壤礦物-腐殖酸微界面固定鎘、鉛的機制研究”(KJCX2020A18)

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